Ingemuva
Kusukela ngo-2004, ukusetshenziswa kukagesi eShayina kuye kwanda ngesivinini esingakaze sibonwe ngenxa yokukhula okusheshayo kwemikhakha yezimboni. Ukuntuleka okukhulu kokunikezwa kukagesi ngo-2005 kuye kwathinta ukusebenza kwezinkampani eziningi zaseShayina. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, iShayina itshale imali eningi ekuhlinzekweni kukagesi ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo esivela ezimbonini ngaleyo ndlela kuqinisekiswe ukukhula komnotho. Umthamo wokukhiqiza ofakiwe usukela ku-443 GW ekupheleni kuka-2004 kuya ku-793 GW ekupheleni kuka-2008. Ukwanda kule minyaka emine kufana cishe nengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yamandla e-United States, noma ngokuphindwe ka-1.4 kwamandla ewonke e-Japan. Phakathi nesikhathi esifanayo, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngonyaka kukhuphuke kusuka ku-2,197 TWh kuya ku-3,426 TWh. Ukusetshenziswa kukagesi eShayina kulindeleke ukuthi kufinyelele ku-6,800–6,900 TWh ngo-2018 kusuka ku-4,690 TWh ngo-2011, kanti amandla afakiwe afinyelela ku-1,463 GW kusuka ku-1,056 GW ngo-2011, lapho i-342 GW ingamandla kagesi ngamanzi, i-928 GW ephehlwa ngamalahle, i-100 GW yomoya, i-43GW yenuzi, kanye ne-40GW yegesi yemvelo. IShayina iyizwe elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni elisebenzisa ugesi ngo-2011.
Ukudluliselwa kanye nokusatshalaliswa
Ngasohlangothini lokudlulisa nokusabalalisa, izwe ligxile ekwandiseni umthamo kanye nokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa ngokuthi:
1. ukusebenzisa i-ultra-high-voltage direct current (UHVDC) ekude kanye ne-ultra-high-voltage alternating current (UHVAC) transmission
2. ukufaka ama-transformer ensimbi angenasimo asebenza kahle kakhulu
Ukudluliswa kwe-UHV emhlabeni jikelele
Ukudluliselwa kwe-UHV kanye nezifunda eziningana ze-UHVAC sekuvele kwakhiwe ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba. Isibonelo, kwakhiwa amakhilomitha angu-2,362 ezifunda ezingu-1,150 kV e-USSR yangaphambili, kanti amakhilomitha angu-427 ezifunda ezingu-1,000 kV AC athuthukiswe eJapane (umugqa kagesi we-Kita-Iwaki). Imigqa yokuhlola yezikali ezahlukahlukene nayo itholakala emazweni amaningi. Kodwa-ke, iningi lale migqa okwamanje isebenza nge-voltage ephansi ngenxa yokungadingeki kwamandla noma ezinye izizathu. Kunezibonelo ezimbalwa ze-UHVDC. Nakuba kunezifunda eziningi ezingu-±500 kV (noma ngaphansi) emhlabeni jikelele, izifunda zokusebenza kuphela ezingaphezu kwalesi silinganiso uhlelo lokudlulisa ugesi lwe-Hydro-Québec ku-735 kV AC (kusukela ngo-1965, ubude obungu-11 422 km ngo-2018) kanye nephrojekthi ye-Itaipu ±600 kV eBrazil. ERussia, umsebenzi wokwakha emugqeni we-bipolar ±750 kV DC ongu-2400 km ubude, i-HVDC Ekibastuz-Centre yaqala ngo-1978 kodwa ayizange iphele. E-USA ekuqaleni kwawo-1970 kwahlelwa umugqa kagesi ongu-1333 kV kusukela eSiteshini Sokuguqula iCelilo kuya eDamini laseHoover. Ngenxa yalokhu kwakhiwa umugqa kagesi omfushane wokuhlola eduze neSiteshi Sokuguqula iCelilo, kodwa umugqa oya eDamini laseHoover awuzange wakhiwe.
Izizathu zokudluliselwa kwe-UHV eShayina
Isinqumo seShayina sokusebenzisa ukudluliselwa kwe-UHV sisekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi izinsiza zamandla zikude kakhulu nezikhungo zokulayisha. Iningi lezinsiza zamandla kagesi lisentshonalanga, kanti amalahle asenyakatho-ntshonalanga, kodwa imithwalo emikhulu isempumalanga naseningizimu. Ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahlekelwa kokudluliselwa kube sezingeni elilawulekayo, ukudluliselwa kwe-UHV kuyisinqumo esinengqondo. Njengoba i-State Grid Corporation yaseShayina yamemezela eNgqungqutheleni Yomhlaba Wonke Yokudluliselwa Kwamandla kwe-UHV ngo-2009 eBeijing, iShayina izotshala ama-RMB ayizigidigidi ezingama-600 (cishe amaRandi ayizigidigidi ezingama-US $88) ekuthuthukisweni kwe-UHV phakathi kwamanje no-2020.
Ukuqaliswa kwegridi ye-UHV kwenza kwakhiwe izitshalo ezintsha, ezihlanzekile, nezisebenza kahle kakhulu kude nezindawo zokuhlala zabantu. Izitshalo zikagesi ezindala ogwini zizoyeka ukusebenza. Lokhu kuzonciphisa inani eliphelele lokungcola kwamanje, kanye nokungcola okuzwiwa yizakhamuzi ezihlala emadolobheni. Ukusetshenziswa kwezitshalo zikagesi ezinkulu eziphakathi ezihlinzeka ngokushisa ngogesi nakho akungcolisi kakhulu kunama-boiler ngamanye asetshenziselwa ukufudumala ebusika emakhaya amaningi asenyakatho. Igridi ye-UHV izosiza uhlelo lwaseShayina lokufaka ugesi kanye nokususa i-carbonization, futhi ivumele ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo ngokususa imbopho yokudlulisela okwamanje ekhawulela ukwanda kwamandla okukhiqiza umoya kanye nelanga ngenkathi ithuthukisa imakethe yezimoto zikagesi ezihamba ibanga elide eShayina.
Amasekethe e-UHV aqediwe noma asakhiwa
Kusukela ngo-2021, izifunda ze-UHV ezisebenzayo yilezi:
Imigqa ye-UHV engakhiwa/elungiselelwayo yile:
Impikiswano nge-UHV
Kunokuphikisana ngokuthi ngabe ukwakhiwa okuhlongozwa yi-State Grid Corporation yaseShayina kuyisu lokuba ngumnikazi wedwa futhi kulwiswane nokuguqulwa kwegridi kagesi.
Ngaphambi kweSivumelwano saseParis, esenza kwaba nesidingo sokuqeda amalahle, uwoyela kanye negesi, kube nempikiswano nge-UHV kusukela ngo-2004 lapho i-State Grid Corporation yaseShayina iphakamisa umbono wokwakhiwa kwe-UHV. Impikiswano ibigxile ku-UHVAC kuyilapho umqondo wokwakha i-UHVDC wamukelwa kabanzi. Izinkinga ezixoxwa kakhulu yilezi ezine ezibalwe ngezansi.
- Izinkinga zokuphepha nokuthembeka: Njengoba kwakhiwa imigqa yokudlulisa ye-UHV eyanda, igridi kagesi ezungeze lonke izwe ixhunywe kakhulu. Uma kwenzeka ingozi emgqeni owodwa, kunzima ukukhawulela ithonya endaweni encane. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amathuba okucinywa kogesi ayakhula. Futhi, ingase ibe sengozini enkulu yobuphekula.
- Inkinga Yemakethe: Zonke ezinye izintambo zokudlulisa ze-UHV emhlabeni jikelele okwamanje zisebenza nge-voltage ephansi ngoba asikho isidingo esanele. Amandla okudlulisa amabanga amade adinga ucwaningo olujulile. Nakuba iningi lemithombo yamalahle lisenyakatho-ntshonalanga, kunzima ukwakha iziteshi zamandla amalahle lapho ngoba zidinga amanzi amaningi futhi lokho kuyimithombo eyivelakancane enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeShayina. Futhi kanye nentuthuko yezomnotho entshonalanga yeShayina, isidingo sikagesi besilokhu sikhula kule minyaka.
- Izinkinga zemvelo nokusebenza kahle: Abanye ochwepheshe bathi imigqa ye-UHV ngeke isindise umhlaba omningi uma kuqhathaniswa nokwakha izitimela ezengeziwe zokwandisa ukuthuthwa kwamalahle kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamandla endawo. Ngenxa yenkinga yokushoda kwamanzi, ukwakhiwa kwezitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle entshonalanga kuyaphazamiseka. Enye inkinga ukusebenza kahle kokudlulisela. Ukusebenzisa ukushisa okuhlangene namandla ekugcineni komsebenzisi kusebenzisa amandla kangcono kunokusebenzisa amandla avela emigqeni yokudlulisela ekude.
- Inkinga yezomnotho: Isamba sokutshalwa kwezimali kulinganiselwa ku-270 billion RMB (cishe amaRandi ayizigidigidi ezingama-US$40), okubiza kakhulu kunokwakha isitimela esisha sokuthuthwa kwamalahle.
Njengoba i-UHV inikeza ithuba lokudlulisa amandla avuselelekayo avela ezindaweni ezikude ezinamathuba amaningi okufakwa okukhulu kwamandla omoya kanye ne-photovoltaics. I-SGCC ikhuluma ngomthamo ongaba khona wamandla omoya angu-200 GW esifundeni saseXinjiang.
I-Sichuan D&F Electric Co.,Ltd.Njengomkhiqizi ohamba phambili wezinto zokufaka ugesi, izingxenye zesakhiwo sokufaka ugesi, ibha yebhasi enamatheli, ibha yebhasi yethusi eqinile kanye nebha yebhasi eguquguqukayo, singomunye wabahlinzeki abaphambili bezingxenye zokufaka ugesi kanye nebha yebhasi enamatheli yalezi zinhlelo zokudlulisela ze-UHVDC zikahulumeni. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe, sicela uvakashele iwebhusayithi yami ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nemikhiqizo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Jan-01-2022
